Punctuated Equilibrium Theory

Punctuated Equilibrium Theory Manikin www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFcqvBk1gNA With organizations getting progressively reliant on IT frameworks which are continually expanding and increasingly perplexing, its basic that they are overseen proficiently. Frameworks chairmen are entrusted with the administration of these frameworks, with a lot of their time being spent on tedious procedures, for example, organization, setup and updates. Manikin gives an expansible arrangement the executives stage that can be utilized to help computerize these assignments, speeding up, dependability and auditability of the procedure. Manikin works by giving a language that permits you to characterize precisely how your framework ought to be designed. This gives consistency over the framework and builds security by guaranteeing all frameworks are arranged effectively. On the off chance that an arrangement change is required, the change just should be made once before it would then be able to be pushed out and applied to the whole foundation. This additionally innately improves the auditability of the framework by guaranteeing all security and consistence arrangements are turned out over the whole association. A graphical dashboard permits the status all pieces of the associations framework to be followed and can produce reports, giving a brisk and simple approach to finish security and consistence reviews. The Health business has probably the most difficult consistence necessities to guarantee the exacting security of patient information. Actualizing Puppet would permit framework chairmen to smooth out the consistence procedure by pushing required setup and programming refreshes over their whole foundation rapidly and without any problem. A significant piece of exhibiting consistence of security strategies is guaranteeing clients just approach the frameworks they are approved to utilize. Manikin incorporates job based access control highlights which permit overseers to allot explicit authorizations to clients on both an individual and gathering level and can be coordinated with existing catalog administrations, for example, Active Directory and OpenLDAP. Guaranteeing clients approach the frameworks and equipment they require to finish their separate jobs without affecting efficiency while keeping up security and consistence is critical to guaranteeing a fruitful work environment. Bigger Health associations, for example, Ramsay Health Care which has more than 220 emergency clinics and day medical procedure offices across Australia, France, the United Kingdom, Indonesia and Malaysia (About Ramsay Health Care, n.d.) could exploit the high accessibility and adaptability of Puppet. High accessibility setups kill personal time by having different Puppet servers over various areas which give failover and excess in case of a blackout at another area while likewise guaranteeing execution. Manikin can be designed to deal with any number of hubs over any number of areas which can help combine staff and guarantees consistency over all areas. The Punctuated Equilibrium Theory recommends that inside the Information Technology industry, innovation is basically in a condition of balance, with just minor changes happening. Anyway at times innovation can experience short progressive period that can upset the balance and welcome on huge problematic change, which will at that point become the reason for the following balance time frame. Reception of this innovation offers to change how foundation is overseen in a progressive manner. The execution and the board of the basic frameworks can be robotized in a manner that permits staff liable for these undertakings to invest less energy in tedious framework setups and fixing known issues. With business getting progressively dependent on-premises, cloud and mixture cloud foundations it won't be long until computerization stages, for example, Puppet become ordinary. References Grudin, Jonathan. (2012) Punctuated harmony and innovation change. associations 19, 5 (September 2012) 62-66. doi: 10.1145/2334184.2334200 Krum, S., Hevelingen, W. V., Kero, B., Turnbull, J., McCune, J. (2013). Star Puppet. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4302-6041-7 Manikin. (n.d.). Manikin The briefest way to better programming. Recovered March 11, 2017, from www.puppet.com Manikin. (2016, August 2). How Puppet works.[Video file]. Recovered from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFcqvBk1gNA Ramsay Health Care. (n.d.) About Ramsay Health Care. Recovered 15 March 2017, from http://www.ramsayhealth.com/About-Us

Globalization of China vs. United States Research Paper

Globalization of China versus US - Research Paper Example US Steel Corporation, built up in the year 1901, is one of the greatest incorporated locally claimed steel organizations of US. The company’s client base is expanded in worldwide markets including Central Europe and Canada. It was announced as the thirteenth biggest steel delivering organization on the planet in the year 2010. The globalization of ventures in US is relied upon to expand the benefit of the organization in future because of developing requests in the rising economies, for example, China. Baosteel, built up in the year 1978, was proclaimed as the second biggest steel delivering organization on the planet in 2011 and has exhibited astounding execution lately independent of log jam sought after in the worldwide market. From the budget report examination of the US Steel Corp. it very well may be said that US Steel’s creation limit surpasses its all out deals prompting unsold stock. Steel division is as of now a recurrent area as in the interest for the steel items shift in each quarter. Globalization in China in expected to help the organization in expanding its items into different economies. Furthermore, the company’s large scale manufacturing will assist it with reaching economies of scale in future that will additionally assist with sending out steel at less expensive rates making US local steel industry progressively serious. The examination intends to investigate the fiscal summaries of the two organizations and give a near examination by featuring key territories of concern, effect of globalization in US and China and prescribe steps that ought to be taken to guarantee benefit in serious condition. Presentation The steel business is one of the most significant ventures of the economy and is additionally considered as a significant marker of economy. It plays a significant in the improvement of by and large economy and foundation. The use of steel is utilized in numerous ventures, for example, development, vehicles, hardwar e, transportation, and numerous others. The worldwide steel yield was more than 1547 million tons for the year finishing 2012. The most significant qualities of the steel business are that it is recurrent and exceptionally divided. The steel business has encountered unrivaled development during the most recent two decades yet after the worldwide monetary emergency, the industry endured laziness sought after. So as to oversee working danger, numerous organizations have differentiated their tasks in rising economies where the interest of steel was not influenced by worldwide downturn. Organization Analysis Baosteel Group Corporation Baosteel Group Corporation (otherwise called Baosteel) is one of the iron and steel biggest organization of China. It was built up in the year 1978 and its head quarter is in Shanghai, China. It is the world’s second biggest steel maker following ArcelorMittal as far as total yield. In the year 2012, the organization was granted 197th position in Fo rtunes Global 500 for ninth successive year. It was additionally appraised by Fitch, S&P, and Moody’s as A3, An, and A-separately around the same time. Baosteel was additionally recognized one of the most appreciated organization on the planet. The organization fundamentally works in the iron and steel industry and creates great steel that increases the value of different ventures. The primary results of the organization are tempered steel, extraordinary steel and carbon steel. The organization announced around 44.2 million tons that helped it to acquire over RMB 18.10 billion. Consequently, it was positioned as the

Blog Archive Mastering Your MBA Finances Unexpected Revenue Sources (Part 2)

Blog Archive Mastering Your MBA Finances â€" Unexpected Revenue Sources (Part 2) Once you have been accepted to your target MBA program, things start to move very quickly, and you will need to begin planning for your transition to business school right away. Understanding the financial realities of your MBA education is an important first step, and we have created this comprehensive, five-part “Mastering Your MBA Finances” series to help you do so. In this second installment of the series, we examine unexpected revenue sources that can reshape your student budget. For individualized advice, sign up for a free 30-minute budget planning session with an M7 Financial budgeting coach. In the first part of our series on mastering your MBA finances, we explored the typical revenue sources for a business school studentâ€"namely, income from one’s summer internship and signing bonus. In doing so, we estimated that a typical MBA student could expect to earn income of approximately $43,000 during his or her two-year program. Because we are trying to construct a conservative student budget, we will leave the revenue side at that: $43,000. However, because we want to help you create your individualized MBA budget and tailor it to your specific circumstances, we need to make you aware of other possible income opportunities. You can then incorporate them into the income side of your budget, if applicable. For example, maybe you are hopeful that you can attract scholarships and should therefore include a scholarship line in your budget. Perhaps your firm sponsors employees who pursue an MBA, so you know you will have your tuition costs reimbursed. Maybe you intend to take on a few part-time consulting assignments while you are in school to earn some extra dollars. These may all be relevant budget lines for you, so let us discuss how they play into your MBA finances. At the MBA level, scholarships are not a guaranteeâ€"and we mean that literally. Even at Rice University, which in 2014 gave scholarships averaging $33,320 to 94% of its MBA students, a less fortunate 6% of the program’s students did not receive any scholarship money at all. And Rice is the very generous exception among business schools. Few MBA programs offer as much scholarship funding as Rice does, and none comes close to matching the percentage of students who receive such support. If you are counting on using scholarship money to fund your business degree, consult the following abbreviated table to make a somewhat educated guess as to whether you can count on your target school to come through (see the full chart here on Poets Quants). If you feel good about your chances of being accepted at Olin Business School at Washington University in St. Louis, for example, you may be safe incorporating an average scholarship into your calculation, because two-thirds of the school’s a pplicants receive awards. On the other hand, if you are anticipating being accepted at Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business, you may not want to rush to include a scholarship in your budget, because only one-third of Fuqua students receive such funding. You will have to determine the amount of scholarship income you are comfortable assuming for yourself in this hypothetical scenario… Source: John Byrne, “MBA Scholarships at Top Business Schools,” Poets Quants, November 11, 2014. In addition, some MBA candidates receive educational funding from their current employer, with the stipulation that if they later accept a full-time, post-MBA position with a different firm, the funds must be repaid. Many consulting firms will cover tuition for their employees-turned-MBA-students or even reimburse their new hires for all or part of their tuitionâ€"and some Fortune 500 firms even cover all tuition and living expenses. This kind of corporate financial support can of course vary quite a bit, so generalizing is difficult, but if you anticipate being sponsored by your firm, take the time to learn and understand the details, and then incorporate your company’s average financial contribution into your budget. And if your firm does not currently offer such support, but you plan to return the company after graduation, you have nothing to lose by asking the firm to consider starting an MBA sponsorship program for you. We have seen some companies do this for their MBA candida te employeesâ€"the worst that could happen is that they say no. Although most MBA students plan to focus on their studies rather than taking on part-time jobs, with the rise of such sites as HourlyNerd, Skillbridge, and MBA Companyâ€"marketplaces that facilitate short-term consulting assignmentsâ€"students who decide to work while studying can earn several hundred dollars or more during their years at business school. Imagine you are lucky enough to be chosen for two $500 “gigs” during each of your academic years, plus one slightly longer project each Christmas/holiday break for $1,000. This means you could earn as much as $4,000 over the course of your MBA studies. We will not add such a revenue estimate to the sample budget we are building for this series, but you should consider this additional opportunity to enhance your personal budget and decide whether to include this kind of income in your estimates. You can see that if you take our sample MBA budget and amend it to include an average scholarship (arbitrarily assuming this student will be attending UCLA Anderson) and income from a few small consulting projects, the revenue picture starts looking even better. Amended Budget Again, we will continue to be conservative in our estimates as we construct a sample MBA budget, but we suggest that you make amendments as needed to your own projected budget to more closely fit your particular situation. Now that we have addressed the revenue side of things, we will take a look at an aspiring MBA’s potential expenses in the next part of our series. Check back next week, when we examine the real cost of an MBA.  And if you are looking for even more strategies for funding your degree and minimizing your debt burden, download the free M7 Financial Student Loan (Reduction) Primer or sign up for a free, 30-minute, one-on-one budget planning session! Share ThisTweet Business School News

The Story The Shack - 1462 Words

Choices, There is Good and There is Evil The first time I read the novel â€Å"The Shack,† I immediately empathized with the main character. The story is about a little girl who was abducted from a camping site and found murdered. Its main story line follows the emotional roller coaster of her father, Mack. Not to give the entire story away, I will not discuss exactly what Mack experienced. However, losing his daughter filled him with so much pain and anger. Mack could not understand how this could happen, why this would happen to his daughter. Ultimately he struggles with God, wanting to know why God would let his daughter be taken away in such a brutal murder. I have faced struggles and sadness in my life that made me cry out to God asking,†¦show more content†¦Now that I have discussed where evil originated, I want to provide a brief definition of evil. Most people will agree that evil is any cruel act, serious harm to another person mentally or physically. It can also be identified in a level of evil m eaning people tend to feel that the more harm done to a person the greater the level of evil. Some examples of evil are acts of murder or abuse that harms another human being or animals. While I do agree with this definition of evil, I also think there is another crucial part of the definition. It is that evil itself is an act against the law of God. The Bible uses the word evil to define anything that is in violation of God’ law. In the connection between good and bad, evil is also seen as the absence of goodness. A simple way to understand the connection is that evil is a â€Å"fundamental and troubling departure from goodness† (Alcorn, 2009, p. 25). Alcorn’s view of evil is a complete absence and rejection of God’s goodness. I completely agree with this definition of evil, but I also understand that not all people believe in my God or any God for that matter. Atheists also identify evil in the world and they would agree with me on some acts that I thi nk are evil. However, their definition does not include God. For example, Humanists believe there is good without God. They see the evil in the world and believe they mustShow MoreRelatedThe Shack, a Discussion of Symbolism1504 Words   |  7 Pages2/16/09 The Shack: A Discussion of Symbolism The Shack, written by William P. Young, tackles one man’s quest for faith and reassurance in God through several metaphors, parables and symbols. These symbols are used to compare the story religion itself; and from this comparison it is easier to grasp a deeper understanding. However, with this underlying symbolism, it’s possible to over analyze and disregard the fictitious nature of the book. Despite this, there are many symbols within The Shack that areRead MoreThe Shack: Analysis855 Words   |  4 PagesA simple textual analysis of â€Å"The Shack† According to â€Å"The Shack†, William Paul Young had to confront the issue of theodicy; how a loving god could allow such overwhelming pain, suffering and evil in the world he created. The overall thesis of the book seems to states that forgiveness is desirable. Matthew 6:15 states clearly the requirements of forgiveness, â€Å"But if you refuse to forgive others, your Father will not forgive your sins†. Young takes the time to address forgiveness which will requireRead MoreUnderstanding the Will of God: The Shack by William P. Young Essay example834 Words   |  4 PagesThe Shack is a riveting book that presents an answer to the question, â€Å"Where is God in a world so filled with unspeakable pain?† The reader learns the communications of three theological truths revealed through Young’s words: revelation, salvation, and the Trinity. The amazing story challenges the reader to understand God’s plan in its entirety. As the novel opens, Young introduces Mackenzie Allen Phillips as the main character. The story unfolds as Mack’s daughter is abducted during a familyRead MoreEssay on Radio Shacks Termination of Employees1068 Words   |  5 PagesRadio Shack As the economy continues to be unstable companies, large and small, are making decisions to reduce their workforce. This is a daunting task that has to be handled delicately. When companies begin the process of reduction, even if the staff is aware, the communication must be honest, open and appropriate. If a company is a large retailer there is more at stake than just the current financial situation. The employees can become customers and advocates for the business. They can alsoRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson, And The Shack1437 Words   |  6 Pagesback to us. Authors, in multiple forms of writing, show the effects of choices through characters and their thoughts and actions. Three works that highlight the theme of choice is The Giver by Lowis Lowry, â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, and The Shack by William P. Young. These incredible authors used choice to build up the plot of each of their writing pieces. â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson used the theme of choice in her writing to show the lasting effect one choice could make. An exampleRead MoreTheme Of Irony In Cannery Row1633 Words   |  7 Pagesdemonstrates the humanity of people that are traditionally looked down on and seen as less fortunate. The story of Cannery Row takes place shortly following the Great Depression when despite many areas were seeing relief through increased job opportunities, there were still many areas like Cannery Row where people were focused on just surviving the day today. A common theme seen throughout the story is the acceptance of what they have in the town. Many of the examples of irony also lend to the idea thatRead MoreGravity Falls By Alex Hirsh1150 Words   |  5 Pages Gravity Falls is a cartoon on Disney XD. The writer Alex Hirsh based this show off of the adventures he pretended to have with his twin sister when they went on trips like this one. The writer of Gravity Falls also p ortrays their story through the analogies given by the two main characters, anecdotes between the two focuses of this episode, and the cacophony of crazy ciphers that are solved each episode. The main characters are the twins Dipper and Mabel. The series is based about their adventuresRead MoreDeath Of A Slave Or Die1367 Words   |  6 Pagesbetter than the life we were living on this plantation. We had heard about a lady named Harriet Tubman, she was rumored to of helped slaves escape to the north, she was rumored to have helped them by something called the underground railroad. The stories were that there were Quakers as well as others that helped set up stations for the slaves to stop at and helped them hide from the slave catchers. We did not know if any of this was true, but we were willing to find out. They had the date set to leaveRead MoreThe child by tiger1381 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ One reason why the story, The Child by Tiger, is so plausible is because of the story’s setting. The physical setting that the author has portrayed helps you fully understand the emotions that his character are feeling. In 1912 the blacks had little to no rights, they lived in little shacks that had no electricity or nearly enough room in them for every family member that occupied the shack. They had one communal phone that was located in the only grocery store they had, they had a drugstore, barberRead More Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Essay501 Words   |  3 Pagestells the administration of what he has seen, they tell him he couldn’t have seen that because it meant he was going to die. They then tell Harry to be careful with his actions. Later on in the story Harry and his friends get lead outside to a secret shack because of a screaming that they hear. In the shack they confront Sirius the man accused of killing Harry’s mom and dad and they try to capture him. Sirius tries to explain to Harry and the gang the truth but does not get through to them because

Voltaire s View Of Voltaire - 1213 Words

Voltaire was an enlightenment provider who wrote many play and books. He was a famous writer, who made a lot of money and he wanted money. So everything he accomplished, he did because he thought people are going to buy for him to be rich. One of his most famous is the story of Candide in which he wrote to be entertained. The book is a satire in which Voltaire in some way criticizes the institutions, and the people. Although Voltaire’s societies had many advances, this made him criticize different elements of his societies. In the 1700s the Europeans had so many advances. They had conquered territories around the world. They were wealthy and their societies had advanced intellectually. By the 1700s, the Europeans thought they are at the top and they can get any better than this. This is what makes Voltaire criticize part of Europeans. Voltaire did satirize different institutions for instance, other philosophers, many religious people, protestant pastors, and minority groups. He criticizes the church when the old woman begun saying â€Å"you must know that I am the daughter of pope Urban X and of the princess of Palestrina (In chapter 11)†. Voltaire explains that there is no pope named Urban X and he uses this opportunity to condemn the church. He means that the Catholic Church is exceedingly corrupt and it shouldn’t be an institution. He also points out that the church members are indeed silly even though they are taking vows. Voltaire doesn’t understand why people attend thisShow M oreRelatedVoltaire s View Of Candide1511 Words   |  7 Pages Voltaire s Candide is a satirical work written in 1759 as a commentary during the Enlightenment. One of Voltaire s most famous works, it also functioned to reflect Voltaire s opinions. Candide is considered Voltaire s signature work in which he levels his sharpest criticism against nobility, philosophy, the church, and human cruelty. Though often considered a representative text of the Enlightenment era, the novel criticizes a number of Enlightenment philosophies. As reading and books wereRead MoreVoltaire s Views On England And Candide1528 Words   |  7 PagesVoltaire’s Views A renowned thinker and philosopher of his day, Voltaire’s works were influential to many who read them. To a modern reader with no context, the meanings may be lost. However, to someone reading shortly after publication, the meanings would be obvious. Voltaire’s two works are around twenty years apart and have certain points of continuity and dissent. His views on religion seem to change, while his appreciation for thinkers is a common theme in both works. The key connection betweenRead MoreA Comparative Study Of Voltaire s And Moliere s Views On Religion1522 Words   |  7 PagesA Comparative Study of Voltaire s and Molià ¨re’s Views on Religion in Candide and Tartuffe Literary works often reveal their authors views on particular social issues. Tartuffe (1669), a play by Molià ¨re, and Candide (1759), a philosophical tale by Voltaire, both deal with the question of religion in society. Tartuffe is a satire on the attitudes of the bourgeoisie toward religion in seventeenth-century France. Molià ¨re firmly believes in religious moderation and condemns religious hypocrisy andRead MoreA Comparative Study Of Voltaire s And Moliere s Views On Religion Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesA Comparative Study of Voltaire s and Molià ¨re s Views on Religion in Candide and Tartuffe Literary works regularly uncover their creators perspectives on specific social issues. Hypocrite (1669), a play by Molià ¨re, and Candide (1759), a philosophical story by Voltaire, both manage the subject of religion in the public eye. Fraud is a parody on the states of mind of the bourgeoisie toward religion in seventeenth-century France. Molià ¨re immovably puts stock in religious balance and denounces religiousRead MoreVoltaire s View Of Oppression From The Authority1417 Words   |  6 PagesIt is dangerous to be right in matters about which the established authorities are wrong. - Voltaire The struggles against authority, repeatedly and continuously, take place in the history. As for those fighters, Voltaire, a famous French writer and thinker, once put forward an idea, â€Å"It is dangerous to be right in matters about which the established authorities are wrong.†() The word â€Å"right† contrasting to â€Å"wrong† means the truth. An â€Å"established authorities† could be regarded to the dominant powersRead MoreExamining Views Of Philosophy : The Allegory Of The Cave, The Apology Of Socrates And Voltaire s The Essay1423 Words   |  6 Pages EXAMINING VIEWS OF PHILOSOPHY A FELLOW STUDENT UNIVERSITY OF THE PEOPLE Abstract This essay examines three brief works that introduce core concepts of philosophy. Comparisons are drawn between Plato’s The Allegory of the Cave, The Apology of Socrates and Voltaire’s The Story of the good Brahmin. Warnings about adopting a philosophically focused approach to life are extracted, as are the incentives. A central pursuit of truth above all is established to be my own prime goal, which tiesRead MoreVoltaire s Views Toward English And French Religion, Government, And Scientific Advancements1079 Words   |  5 PagesVoltaire’s Views Toward English French Religion, Government, and Scientific Advancements After 1688, England became a constitutional monarchy under the rule of Mary and William. English society evolved from embracing the absolute monarchy to one that introduces new thought processes and beliefs. In Voltaire’s Letters on England, he contributes the development of England to its respectable regards toward religion, governmental systems, and scientific advancements. He contrasts these practicesRead More`` Candide `` A Satire Of The Social, And The Scientific Revolution1608 Words   |  7 PagesFranà §ois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), who wrote under the name Voltaire, was an Enlightenment thinker who helped invoke this change. One way he did this was through his novel Candide, a satire of the issues in society. Throughout this book, the character Candide experiences misfortunes and lucky breaks that change his view of the world. This change in view is what Voltaire thinks should change in society. Specifically what he would like to see was that, â€Å"Voltaire champi oned individual freedom and attacked any institutionRead MoreVoltaire s Theory Of The Age Of Enlightenment848 Words   |  4 Pagescommonly known as Voltaire was born November 21, 1699, in Paris, France. He was a French philosopher, historian and writer of the Age of Enlightenment. He valued the right to have your own thoughts as well as the ability to change religion. Even though he was a complex person, he was highly intelligent, humorous and his writing style made him one of France s greatest writers and philosophers. He supported social reform, including freedom of religion, civil rights and free trade. Voltaire had a rough relationshipRead MoreVoltaire And His Candide - Voltaire s Candide1211 Words   |  5 PagesVoltaire and his Candide Introduction Voltaire is the leader of the French Enlightenment, he enjoyed high prestige in the enlightenment movement. His life was spent in against the feudal regime system and the reactionary forces of the church (Gorbatov, 2006). Voltaire was knowledgeable, he had many works (including philosophy, history, literature, science, etc., throughout his literary creation, the most valuable was his philosophical novels (Sutcliffe, 2000). These novels maintained the vitality

Correlation Between Race and Class - 2667 Words

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF BUSINESS CORRELATION BETWEEN RACE AND CLASS Ãâ€"ZGE Ãâ€"ZDEN 2009432081 INSTRUCTOR: Ãâ€"MÃÅ"R NECZAN TÄ °MURCANDAY Ãâ€"ZMEN 2012, Ä °ZMÄ °R CONTENTS Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.ii Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...iii A. Social stratification, social inequality, social division..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1-2 B. Social class†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2-3 B1. Sociological overview and theories of stratification and social class†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4-5 C. Races, ethnicity, and racism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Abstract In this study, racism and social classes were examined. Mentioned how they are exist. Under the concepts of†¦show more content†¦Strata are not a product of only personal differences; it is a product of whole society which presents the society’s characteristics. However as a universal, social and economic conditions of people effective their classification. Social stratification creates a hierarchy system in a society and represents the sort of people in this hierarchy. Furthermore, in this hierarchy, assets, assets allocations and opportunities do not reach to people equally. This unequal conditions lead to social inequalities and social divisions in the society. Social stratification separating people different layers and causes the inequalities in the society. Social inequality is the situation of each member of the society has not equal conditions, social status and social class. It exists between gender, races, classes and countries. According to inequalities distribution of the rights, assets and wealth is changing. The forms of social inequality are gender inequality, race inequality, and wealth inequality. Such forms of discriminations do not allow equal distribution of assets and the chance of seizing opportunities. Thomas M. 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Strategic Alliances

Question: Strategic Alliances are a better way of accessing and strategically developing knowledge, when compared to other forms of external and internal development.Critically evaluate this statement, using academic literature and current business examples.OR:The only social responsibility of business is to make profit. Friedman (1962)Using academic literature and current business examples, critically evaluate this statement, including critique of the business case for CSR. Answer: The question that arises is that how ethics and mortality could be implemented to the experience of human beings. Though it is noted that philosophers had applied their brains for abstracting the ethical dilemmas in the history, there still appears to be no universal answer for the purpose of solving the ethical issues (Friedman 1970). The various philosophers works had tried to lead towards the moral framework development, which could be applied in different situations. The issue is that the ethical question answer might get varied according to the applied ethical framework (Friedman 1970). In context to this, by adapting the complex as well as the abstract ethical framework and the same is true to the process of decision making of directors might result into the unsolvable arguments in the restaurants, boardrooms, scholarly journals, meetings of shareholders, and in front of media (Friedman 1970). Milton Friedman had previously proposed the business ethics principles in the article of New York Times, which mention that the the social responsibility of business is to increase its profits (Friedman 1970). ..there is only one business social responsibility, and thats to make use of resources and try to get involved with activities that are designed for enhancing the profits so long that the company stays in the game rules, which mentions that firm should get engaged in free competition without any fraud and deception (Hammond 2003). This statement had just raised the question on directors that whether they should act towards enhancing the profits (Waldman and Siegel 2008). Although Friedman had explicitly mentioned that directors are the business agent, and they are responsible for playing within the game rules, still they leave room for conducting unethical behavior (Waldman and Siegel 2008). Therefore, the question arise that, does it mean that directors can act in such a manner that it could increase the business profits? Another issue that arises is that whether the firm should get involved in all the socially responsible activities (Waldman and Siegel 2008). In the Friedman perception about the social economic view of corporate social responsibility, it can be clearly argued that the directors are responsible for acting in the manner that could enhance the profits and business should engage in corporate social responsibility activities that could leave an indirect positive impact on the performance of the company (Waldman and Siegel 2008). Friedman had argued that the capitalism in its direct form can distort economic freedom. Activities that are socially responsible undertaken by the single company can change the economic freedom as per Friedman as shareholders are not able to decide on whom they will spend their money (Friedman 1978). Therefore, Friedman argues that company should stress over the activities that are linked with the profit of the company, excluding the activities of charity and are can directly generate the revenue (Friedman 1978). ..There is a claim that businesses should try to contribute towards supporting all the charitable form of activities and mainly the universities. This type of offering by the companies is considered as an inappropriate way of suing the corporate funds for the society (Davis 1960). Other principles that are expressed by the Friedman are the requirement to stay within game rules, mainly by avoiding the fraud and deception. This can be explained: A corporate executive holds direct social responsibility towards undertaking the business as per the desires of shareholders for making the money while conforming to the society rules, both that are included in laws and ethical custom (Frederick 1960). It applied with the Friedman, which fails to proclaim that the directors can easily act in the manner for increasing the profits because they are abiding by the laws and even follow the customs of ethics (Jeanette and Aubrey 1998). They exclusively specify the charitable activities, as they dont contribute in the profit scenario. According to Friedman, the better company is not the one that takes events due to its ethical ideal, but it should be equally socially sound (Jeanette and Aubrey 1998). One of the key arguments of Friedman for excluding corporate social responsibility from the business on ethical basis: Spending money on oneself wisely Spending money on others but challenging Spending money on oneself, but provide less incentive to the economy Spending money on others, by including government role and programs of corporate social responsibility (Jeanette and Aubrey 1998) It is argued by Friedman that its irrelevant for the directors to embark towards programs of corporate social responsibility, as there is less incentive for the expenditure, mainly when one spends money that is owned towards shareholders by dividends (Jeanette and Aubrey 1998). Friedman had also claimed that the legal construct with increasing the shareholders return as the single primary (Jeanette and Aubrey 1998). Executives are also employed for attaining the only aim. The sole moral responsibility of the managers is mainly to meet the expectations of shareholders that could increase their investment returns (Jeanette and Aubrey 1998). The perception of Friedman is mostly akin towards Darwinism, which applies the survival of market principles for ensuring the expected results (Hiscox and Smyth 2006). Friedman being the best in corporations holds high shareholder return. When the problems of the electric company, which tries to cut the supply to all customers for not paying, on which customers die is presented to Friedman (Hiscox and Smyth 2006). In this case, he argued that the utility company, which fails in cutting the electricity for not paying to customers, will fail to survive, as there is no reason for the customers actually to pay their bills. In the view of Friedman, disconnecting the clients who are not paying the bill will be regarded as the universal maxim, regardless of any particular result (Hiscox and Smyth 2006). Friedman also considers it as ethical due to the directors as they hold the moral duty of ensuring the corporation survival (Hiscox and Smyth 2006). The key reasons related to the Friedman are not satisfied. He had failed in proving that excising the moral, social responsibility in the business is through nature as it's unfair as well as socially practice (Meijer and Schuyt 2005). Most of the cases of Friedman rely on the questionable paradigm, in which the main premise is wrong and misses in logical cogency. Various standards are proposed in the context of socially responsible action in the business and it is argued that the social responsibility commitment could be considered as essential components in both the operational and strategic management of business without even producing the objectionable outcomes that are claimed by Friedman (Meijer and Schuyt 2005). Milton Friedman had also argued that the people who are responsible for taking decisions and initiate the actions of the business should not try to exercise the social responsibility in their capacity as being the executive of the company (Meijer and Schuyt 2005). Instead of that, they should try to concentrate on the growing companys profit. He had also argued that the social responsibility doctrine is considered as the socialist doctrine (Meijer and Schuyt 2005). Friedman arguments: executives need to exercise moral and social responsibilities Friedman argues that the social responsibility using through corporate is important as: It will be unfair as it constitutes the taxation without presenting it. Its undemocratic, as it tries to invest in the governmental power of the person who holds essential mandate towards governance (Meijer and Schuyt 2005) It will be unwise as there contain no checks as well as it balances in the enormous range of government powers by turning towards discretion (Sharp 2003) It also violates the trust, as the owners employ executives and they act as the agent in serving the principal interest (Meijer and Schuyt 2005). It is also futile, as executives will be able to anticipate the social results of the action, and they will also impose the cost of the stockholders, employees, and customers because they are most likely to lose the support and even power (Meijer and Schuyt 2005). Other arguments for the corporate social responsibility of the society and firm, for instance, Emigrant Savings Bank place around $1000 in the customers account, which is the toughest thing hit through the hurricane (Guay, Doh and Sinclair 2004). The bank tries to make the money to the customers, if they failed to do the same from customers, then the bank wouldnt have the money to provide to the customers through the services of unusual banking and specific cases such as issues of Hurricane Katrina (Guay, Doh and Sinclair 2004).Corporate social responsibility enhances the corporate image as well as companies goodwill, because of the companies such as Georgia Pacific, Amgen, Wal-Mart and the one who had donated to the Hurricane Katrina victims, and they are identified and wrote articles that promote these firms as being the caring organization of humanitarian and they even try to encourage the customers to initiate the business through the generous corporations (Guay, Doh and Sinclair 2004).Friedman also argues that the only social responsibility of the firm is to seek to make profits as per the law (Carson 2003). Milton Friedman also claims that the free markets, instead of companies need to decide what is good for the whole world. He even believes that the invisible hands of Adman Smith can even make things better (Carson 2003). It is highly argued that the business is business that implies that the firms in the industry are making profits, and thats the reason they are giving money to charity like Hurricane Katrina, in whom Wal-Mart had dominated around $17 million, and the same was not the objective of the company, rather, in fact, it moves against the principal purpose of the corporation is profit maximization (Carson 2003).It is referred as the voice of the laisser-faire in the year 1980, and still it gives the powerful voice through the support of advocates like Elaine Sternberg. It is argued by Sternberg that there is a case of human rights that goes aga inst the corporate social responsibility, that implies that the approach of stakeholders towards management deprive the shareholders of the property rights (Griffin and Mahon 1997). It mentions that the objectives that were sought through the social responsibility conventional views are absurd. Not every corporate social responsibility aspect is meant guilty (Griffin and Mahon 1997). It is said by Sternberg that the decency, fairness, as well as honesty, need to be expected through the corporations (Tencati and Zsolnai 2008). Other arguments that move against the corporate social responsibility are due to lack of regulations. In this case, companies provide the items they might select what they are in business and trying to produce, for instance, pizza ordered from Papa John provides the medical supplies of around $2.5 million as it incurs different price to the company (Griffin and Mahon 1997).When the surveys are undertaken by the respected business leaders then, in that case, who will find the names, like Jack Welch of General Electric, Bill Gates of Microsoft, who had tried to attain the status of world class? Welch is mainly remembered for the brutal downsizing, in which the manner he lead his business, and he was also popular for its prosecutions and pollution incidents (Griffin and Mahon 1997). Microsoft holds the top profile in case of bullying the dominance of the market in present years, and Gate is considered as achievable of financial status, in which he selected a lot of money getting ruthless in the business (Griffin and Mahon 1997).The Friedman view counterpoints are developed in the school of socio-economy of corporate social responsibility (Zadek 2004). One of the leading proponents of this perception is mainly proposed by the Iron Law of responsibility that tried to attain the business person social responsibility, which requires commensuration the political powers (Pava and Krausz 1996). Friedman mentions that,..Businessman should try to ove rview the economic system operations, which could fulfill the public expectations. And this implies in return that the means of production in the economy should be hired in such a manner that distribution and production should improve the welfare of socio-economic. The view of socio-economic is mainly in the utilitarian argument as Friedman tries to stress over the complete well-being of socio-economic in the society and the same needs to be improved, rather than stressing over the shareholders welfare, as per the proclaim of Friedman (Pava and Krausz 1996). Firms that try to operate exclusively for the sake of increasing the return to shareholders dont get engage in the activities of social responsibility and consider it as unethical in the point of view of utilitarian (Steare 2012). Through adopting the utilitarian adage of offering the highest number of people, firms are mostly ethically obliged towards participating in the activities of social responsibility, which could increas e the stakeholders total welfare (Pava and Krausz 1996). However, the issue related to applying the consequentialist theories standard, where one needs to increase the value of agent-neutral. Utilitarian doesnt differentiate among the people, whose utility need to be increase and therefore, it requires the deontic constraints for ensuring that welfare maximization of every stakeholder should not jeopardize with the high business prospects (Pava and Krausz 1996). A deontic constraint is considered as the principle, which tries to assign the value for the specific agent as compared to others and in the case of corporate social responsibility, it argues that the shareholders rights should be saved over the whole society rights (Pava and Krausz 1996). If the corporate social responsibility is considered as detrimental to the business as Friedman recommended it, then in that case shareholders will try to tend towards avoiding the investment within the firms that act as more socially responsible. There is, however, many empirical facts that its not considered as the case (Joyner and Payne 2002). Firstly, it is noticed that Friedman often fails in trying to acknowledge acting in an ethical way that could be seen as a valuable marketing proposition. Through analyzing the consumers desires, a corporation could provide the products as well as services that could match with the thresholds of ethics, thereby it adds to the value of consumers and shareholders; therefore, it avoids the myopia of marketing as it is mentioned by Theodore Levitt (Joyner and Payne 2002).

Man & God Essays - Religion, Prophets Of Islam,

Man & God Man and God A conflict exists between leaders and lay members alike in two of the world's mainstream religions. Christianity and Islam, are in conflict or their respective stances over their disagreement over the divinity of man and God. The philosophical perspective held by each of these religions about the divinity of man and God is paramount in insuring that it's teachings will dominate whether it is Islamic or Christian. The philosophical assumptions that cause the disagreement generate in a follower the belief that his or her religion is dominate over the other. What problems and benefits does the concept of the divinity of man being placed in the form of God afford the followers of each of these religions? Was Jesus the Son of man or the Son of God are the focal issues argued in this Philosophical research paper. In Christian theology, Jesus Christ is the supreme deity who is both God and man in the flesh, who walked the earth.1 It is believed by Christians, that Jesus Christ was born through the virgin Mary. This birth was the beginning of a series of miracles throughout His adulthood and life. These divine miracles of Jesus are what sets the decree of unity between man and God, in Christian theology. In his life Jesus preformed many miraculous acts. Such acts as Walking on water,2 healing the blind3, and healing the sick4 are acts beyond human capability. These acts, Christians argue, can be manifested only by God. Being God is the only way or reason Jesus was able to will these miraculous acts: God came down to earth in flesh and blood to make right, what was wrong. For the Christians, Jesus' unblemished record has given him the most high and honorable place in Christianity--The Son of God. In contrast, the Islamic religion has its understanding of Jesus and his reputation. These understandings fall under the 5 pillars5 of faith: declaration of faith; Payer; Charity; fasting; and pilgrimage. The pillar of faith' is the practical guide of a follower of Islam. In Islam, the followers argue that there is no deity other than Allah; and Muhammad is His messenger. Muslims declare their supreme being is Allah who is omnipresent and has no physical image. Under the law of Islam, Muslims believe only Allah has the divine power to create miracles and those miracles are signs to guide his creation on the right path. In Islamic theology, Muslims are taught to believe in all the holy books (Engil, Torah & Qur'an) and all the messengers6 in the Bible, from Adam to Muhammad. One of the major sins in Islamic theology is to place any of these messengers on the same level as Allah. Muslims are taught about the life of Jesus Christ, but they do not attribute the miraculous events that Jesus performed, to Jesus himself. They view Jesus as endowed with certain divine powers, as any of the other Messengers, but withhold from Him that He was God incarnate. Muslims support their understanding of Jesus by arguing that Jesus is the son of Mary, hence the son of man, but not the Son of God. This highlights the major disagreement between the two philosophical perspectives of the two religions being discussed: The Christian perspective, reveals Jesus as God manifest in human form and the Islamic perspective views Jesus as a great man but without the presence of God in Him. Apparently, from within both of these religions understanding of their religious theories, is a matter of faith about the nature of the son of God. In different religious situations that occurred in in America in the Twentieth century one can point out as to why in the Islamic tradition there is a reluctance to perhaps agree that man is God. In the Twentieth century there have been and still are groups, that claim themselves as the true adherents of Christianity or Islam because of the words and actions they may speak and demonstrate. These groups often develop their own sons of God. or deities. These deities then sets the laws that govern the group. Often these so called deities begin to act in ways that get people to acquiesce their personal powers in

Christmas Chemistry - Make Peppermint Cream Wafers

Christmas Chemistry - Make Peppermint Cream Wafers Cooking is really an artistic variation of chemistry! Heres a fun and easy Christmas holiday project for the chemistry lab. Make these peppermint cream wafers for a seasonal project or demonstration. Difficulty: Average Time Required: 30 minutes Peppermint Water Materials sucrose (table sugar)concentrated liquid sucrose (or Karo syrup)potassium tartrate (cream of tartar)lactose (we will use milk)food coloringoil of peppermint250 ml beaker or a saucepancandy thermometer or other metal-backed thermometeraluminum foilassorted labware or utensils for stirring, etc. Procedure First, make sure all of the measuring utensils and glassware are clean and dry. If possible, use beakers that have never been used for more tradition chemistry experiments, since residues of chemicals can remain in the glass.Measure and mix the following chemicals in a 250-ml beaker: 1/4 cup or 2 tablespoons or 2 level medicine cups of sugar; 8 ml (1.5 tsp) milk; 10 ml (2 tsp) Karo syrup; 1/4 tsp or pea-sized amount of cream of tartar.Heat the mixture until its temperature reaches 200Â °F, stirring often.Once the temperature reaches 200Â °F, cover the beaker (with foil) and remove it from the heat for 2 minutes.Return the mixture to the heat. Heat and stir until the temperature reaches 240Â °F (soft-ball on a candy thermometer).Remove the mixure from heat and add one drop of peppermint oil and 1-2 drops of food coloring.Stir until the mixture is smooth, but not any longer than that or else the candy could harden in the beaker. Avoid stirring longer than 15-20 seconds.Pour coin-siz ed drops of the mixture onto a sheet of foil. Depending on the size of the drops, you will get 8-12 of them. Allow the candy to cool, then peel the drops off to enjoy your treat! Hot water is sufficient for clean-up. Tips You can use wooden tongue depressors or metal spoons for stirring.Disposable plastic measuring cups, such as those used to dispense liquid medications, work well for measuring the ingredients for a lab of students.The mixture can be heated over a hotplate or a bunsen burner, with a ring stand and wire gauze pad. You could also use a stove.The texture of the finished product depends on the heating/cooling of the sugar mixture. You could get jellied candies or rock candy. Its a nice opportunity to discuss crystal structures.

Destination Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Destination Development - Essay Example TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 4 2. Emergence of Destination Development 4 3. Concepts & Approaches 5 a. Stage of Development 6 b. Approach to Destination Management 7 c. System of Governance 7 d. Research Undertakings/Application of Research 8 e. Tourism Policy & Planning 9 f. Stakeholders 9 g. Forms of Tourism 10 h. Application of Sustainability Indicators 11 i. Competition And Collaboration 12 j. Destination Marketing 12 k. Tourism Trends 12 4. Findings 13 5. Conclusion 13 6. References 15 1. Introduction The recent surveys by the tourism department of France have clarified the fact that Paris is one of the most preferred travel destinations in the world. The city receives about 27 million visitors every year. Among them 17 million are international visitors. If the visitors in the surrounding regions are included then the number would read 44 million (Staab et al, 2002). There are about 3800 historical monuments in Paris and the surrounding areas along with four UNESCO World H eritage Sites. Furthermore, there are several famous attractions available in Paris, which include Eiffel Tower, Champs-Elysees, Notre Dame de Paris, the Louvre, Basilique du Sacre-C?ur, Pompidou Centre, Arc de Triomphe and Musee d'Orsay. In Paris, many forms of public transportation are available, which include metro, bus and boats (Heath, 2002). Though there is evidence of Paris receiving the lowest level of rainfall in France, there are chances that tourists can experience some unexpected rainfall throughout the year. Hence, it’s evident that destination development pertaining to Paris will go a long way in making Paris even more tourist-friendly and popular in the coming years. 2. Emergence of Destination Development It is not possible for a destination to promote experiences and products that are not available. Destination development is a continuous process in which development and coordination of products, services, facilities and amenities take place (Poon, 1993). The continuous development helps enhancing the quality of experience of the tourists and visitors. Destination development is an important process in order to implement tourism management. In this process, the destination managers and stakeholders play an important role in prioritizing the strategies and plans which were developed during the destination planning process. It is important to inform the destination development process by the process of situation analysis and in the process planning phase (Crouch & Ritchie, 1999). The destination performance process needs to be monitored against the KPI’s that are clearly depicted and the tourism industry in Paris also follows the same (Staab et al, 2002). Beech and Chadwick (2006, p. 23) state ‘An important factor to take into account is the spatial dimensions of tourism. Any basic understanding of tourism shows a requirement for travel and, hence, consumption away from home where goods and services are usually purchased and used. Leiper’s (1979) landmark work usefully explains this difference by proposing three different ‘geographies’ or spatial components: (i) tourism in the generating or home region of the traveler; (ii) tourism at the destination region; and (iii) the transit routes – the ‘area’ or supply of travel and transport facilities between the two regions. While all three are naturally highly interconnected in terms of an individual’s trip, each of these ‘

Assignment Information System Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assignment Information System Auditing - Essay Example Banks tend to be more concerned with the promptness in recording cash withdrawals than cash receipts. Thus, the data representing the payment of customers’ bills may be sent to the mainframe computer four to six times a day for updating, while deposits of cash may be transmitted only twice a day. A common-carrier network is probably a good communication medium, but the data should be encrypted. The individual teller terminals should be connected to the remote main computer via dumb terminals. The tellers should not have any reason to download data regarding customer accounts (Botha & Boon, 2003). The systems development process requires active involvement of users. The involvement by the user must not be stifled by the system’s technical complexity. The technology used notwithstanding, the users should create detailed written descriptions pertaining to their requirements. It takes joint efforts of the user and systems professionals to come up with a user specification document. However, this document will have to remain a statement of user requirements. The users view of the problem should be described and not that of the system professionals (Botha, 2000). The activities for technical design translate user specifications into a set of well elaborated specifications which pertain to the technicals for a system meeting the user’s requirements. Systems analysis, feasibility analysis and detailed systems design are the scope of these activities. The quality of the documentation emerging from each phase is reflected from the adequacy pertaining to these activities. An organization’s internal audit department requires independence, objectivity and technical qualification in order to meet the governance-related expectations of management. Therefore, the internal auditor is at a position to play critical role in systems control partaining to the activities in development (Davis, 2005). Application controls

Good vs. Evil Essay Example for Free

Good vs. Evil Essay There are many concepts that are determined in the eye of the beholder. People have different morals; someone’s morals could be seen as corruption to someone else. What someone considers beautiful, another might consider appalling. A person’s definition of justice could be someone else’s definition of illegal. There are many factors as to why we all have different paradigms, such as the way we were raised, our past experiences, our culture, or our faith. Consequently, we all judge accordingly to our own perspectives. In East of Eden, John Steinbeck states that one can be assumed good or evil once the person has died. With our different paradigms, we would have different perspectives on good and evil. Therefore, we do not know the correct definition of good or evil, so it would not be right for us to judge someone at all before or after their death. Everything we see is perspective, but how are we so sure it is the truth? Take for example, a flower. To a human, it is small enough to hold in his hand; to an insect, it is big enough to be a home. The human and the insect are looking at the same flower, but view it differently. Is the ant simply miniature, or is the human just too big? It cannot be deemed because there are different paradigms that manipulate our judgment. There are also more serious cases that this applies to. On July 5, 2011, Casey Anthony was found not guilty for murdering her young daughter Caylee. Observers were stunned and outraged by the jury’s verdict. Jurors claimed that it could not be proven that Casey Anthony was guilty because there was not enough evidence. There were only facts that led up to the conclusion that Casey could be the murderer, but there were no raw and actual facts that clearly showed that Casey was responsible for the death of her daughter. The death penalty weighed a lot on the deliberation of the jurors. They had a life in their hands; conclusions and inferences were not enough to find her guilty. The jury could be deemed good for following the law and abiding by their oath, or they could be deemed evil for letting a potential murderer get away with a crime. There are many positions on this verdict based on our viewpoints, but we do not actually know the truth. There are so many perspectives in the universe, we can never be so sure which is the correct one. Without knowing the truth, our judgments aren’t justified. They say there is a story behind everything. Stories usually have two sides to them, maybe even more. Often times, we want to believe that we know the full story. As human beings, we like closure and we do not like unanswered questions. But should it often occur to someone that there may be multiple unknown sides to a story? Marilyn Monroe was found dead in her bedroom from an overdose on August 5, 1962. Monroe’s death remains a mystery and has become one of the most debated conspiracy theories of all time. Some people believe that her death was a homicide, and some people believed it was a suicide. There could be many unknown explanations to Monroe’s death, and we may never find out. Without knowledge of how she died, our judgments are not rationalized. There are always going to be unanswered questions and ambiguous endings. As humans, what we believe is virtuous usually leads back to our viewpoints and understanding of life. Everyone has their life structured a certain way according to their beliefs. Our beliefs have a huge impact on our mentality and actions whether we believe in God, Buddha, Atheism, Karma, or anything at all. With differentiating religion and beliefs, there is no validity to our judgments. Without the knowledge of the truth, we are not able to judge righteously; we would be assuming blindly. It is a human instinct to judge. We judge to make laws so society can function in an orderly manner, we judge to protect ourselves from harm by distinguishing what seems to be dangerous or harmful, and we also judge to make decisions to benefit ourselves, such as choosing the college to our desire. Although these are rational reasons as to why we should judge, they also lead to war, terrorist attacks, stereotypes, and prejudice. Our assumptions and judgments revolve around our perspective. Our paradigms frame our judgments, and this often results to different positions and viewpoints. The concept of good and evil are in the eyes of the beholder. The true definition of good and evil may never be revealed in our lifetime. Consequently, we are not able to deem someone good or evil before or after their death since we do not have the understanding of these ideas in the first place. Works Cited Death of Caylee Anthony. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Dec. 2012. Web. 07 Nov. 2012. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Death_of_Caylee_Anthony.

Achieving the American Dream :: Essays on the American Dream

From the nineteenth century to the present, the United States has been hailed as a â€Å"land of opportunity† where individuals could achieve personal, political, religious, and economic freedoms. The image of the â€Å"land of opportunity† was true to different degrees for the African-American sharecropper in the postwar South, the immigrant at Ellis Island, and the wealthy capitalist or manager in the period from eighteen-sixty five to nineteen-fourteen with the African-American being at the low end of the rung and the capitalist being at the top.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The newly freed African-American in the postwar South had the hardest time achieving freedoms due to white men considering them as inferior. As on southerner of the time said, the â€Å"ex-slave was not a free man; he was a free Negro† . This is best exemplified in the Black Codes and Jim Crow laws of the time. If we look at the African-American of the time and compare them to the rest of the citizens of United States then they were seriously lacking in the basic freedoms granted to American Citizens. However, if we take a different approach and compare them to what they were only decades earlier, then we see that they had gained many freedoms which they formerly did not have which Reverend E.P. Holmes, a black Georgia preacher best stated when he said â€Å"Most anyone ought to know that a man is better off free than as a slave, even if he did not have anything, I would rather be free and have my liberty† .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  African-Americans established their own churches, schools, social clubs, and even businesses which provided services such as insurance, banking, hair cutting, and funerals to the black community. With the help of the federal government they took great steps in gaining more freedoms. The Freedmen’s Bureau was the first step congress took to aid the newly freed slaves. The Freedmen’s Bureau’s main purpose was to help negotiate labor contracts, provide medical care, and help set up schools for the freedmen. The second step congress took was in passing the Civil Rights act of 1866 which states that â€Å"all persons born in the United States†¦ excluding non-taxed Indians, were citizens entitled to full and equal benefits of all laws† . Two years later, congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment which reaffirmed citizenship for all persons- regardless of race-born or naturalized in the United States and forbade any state from abridging th e privileges and immunities of citizens; to deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; or to deny any person equal protection of the laws.

Sheet Metal Design Site Map

Sheet Metal Design Site Map Preface Using This Product More Information What's New? Getting Started Entering the Workbench Defining the Parameters Creating the First Wall Creating the Side Walls Creating a Cutout Creating Automatic Bends Unfolding the Part Extracting Drawings Basic Tasks Managing the Default Parameters Editing the Parameters Bend Extremities Bend Corner Relief Bend Allowance Creating Walls From an Existing Solid From a Sketch Tangent Walls From an Edge Extruding Isolating Walls Creating Rolled Walls Creating Bends Site Map http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. oc/src/sheugsm. htm (1 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:18 PM] Bends from Walls Automatic Bends Conical Bends Bends From Line Creating Swept Walls Creating a Flange Creating a Hem Creating a Tear Drop Creating a Swept Flange Redefining Swept Walls Limits Displaying Swept Walls Axes Unfolding Folded/Unfolded View Access Concurrent Access Creating a Cutout Stamping Standard Features Point Stamp Extruded Hole Curve Stamp Surface Stamp Bridge Louver Stiffness Rib Creating User-defined Stamping Features Punch and Matrix Opening and Cutting faces Editing User-Defined Stamps Patterning Site Map ttp://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugsm. htm (2 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:18 PM] Rectangular Patterns Circular Patterns User-Defined Patterns Corner Relief Redefining a Corner Relief Creating a Local Corner Relief Creating Corners Creating Chamfers Mapping Elements Saving As DXF Reference Elements Advanced Tasks Integration with Part Design Designing in Context Designing†¦ Modifying†¦ PowerCopies Management Creating PowerCopies Instantiating PowerCopies Saving PowerCopies Looking For Sheet Metal Features Workbench Description Menu Bar Sheet Metal Toolbar Constraints ToolbarReference Elements Toolbar Specification Tree Customizing Site Map http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugsm. htm (3 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:18 PM] Glossary Index Site Map http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish /sheug. doc/src/sheugsm. htm (4 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:18 PM] Preface The V5 CATIA – Sheet Metal Design is a new generation product offering an intuitive and flexible user interface. It provides an associative feature-based modeling making it possible to design sheet metal parts in concurrent engineering between the unfolded or folded part representation.V5R7 CATIA – Sheet Metal Design offers the following main functions: Associative and dedicated Sheet Metal feature based modeling Concurrent engineering between the unfolded or folded part representation Access to company defined standards tables Dedicated drawing capability including unfolded view and specific settings. All sheetmetal specifications can be re-used by the CATIA – Knowledge Advisor to capture corporate knowledge and increase the quality of designs. Natively integrated, CATIA – Sheet Metal Design offers the same ease of use and user interface consistency as all CATIA V5 applications.As a sca lable product, CATIA Version 5 Sheet Metal Design can be used in cooperation with other current or future companion products in the next CATIA generation such as CATIA Version 5 Assembly Design and CATIA Version 5 Generative Drafting. The widest application portfolio in the industry is also accessible through interoperability with CATIA Solutions Version 4 to enable support of the full product development process from initial concept to product in operation. Using This Product More Information Preface http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugpr01. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:19 PM] Using This ProductThis guide is intended for the user who needs to become quickly familiar with the CATIA Version 5 Sheet Metal Design product. The user should be familiar with basic Version 5 concepts such as document windows, standard and view toolbars. To get the most out of this guide, we suggest you start reading and performing the step-by-step tutorial â€Å"Getting Started†. The next s ections deal with the handling of more detailed capabilities of the product. Using This Product http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugpr03. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:19 PM] Where to Find More InformationPrior to reading this book, we recommend that you read the Infrastructure User's Guide. The Part Design User's Guide, the Assembly Design User's Guide and the Generative Drafting User's Guide may prove useful. Finally, you can read the Sheet Metal Production User's Guide to find out more about that product and to fully use the interoperability between the two products. Conventions More Information http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugpr04. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:19 PM] What's New? This table identifies what new or improved capabilities have been documented in Version 5 Release 8 of the Sheet Metal Design workbench.Basic Tasks New: Creating chamfers New: Displaying swept wall axes New: Saving as DXF Enhanced: Creating walls from an existing Part Enhanced: Cre ating walls from an edge Enhanced: Extruding Enhanced: Defining bend extremities when manually creating bends from walls or automatically creating them Enhanced: Stamping Enhanced: User interface of user-defined stamping features (punch and die and cut-out and opening faces). Enhanced: Choice of convex/concave edges when creating corners Enhanced: Mapping elements Advanced Tasks Enhanced: Creating PowerCopy Features Enhanced: Instantiating PowerCopy FeaturesWhat's New? http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugwn. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:19 PM] Getting Started Before getting into the detailed instructions for using Version 5 CATIA – Sheet Metal Design, the following tutorial provides a step-by-step scenario demonstrating how to use key functionalities. The main tasks proposed in this section are: Entering the Workbench Defining the Parameters Creating the First Wall Creating the Side Walls Creating a Cutout Creating Automatic Bends Unfolding the Part Extracting Drawi ngs All together, these tasks should take about 15 minutes to complete. Getting Started ttp://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs01. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:19 PM] Entering the Sheet Metal Workbench The Sheet Metal Design functions are available when you are in the Part environment. Several functions are integrated from the Part Design workbench. This task shows how to enter the workbench. Choose the Mechanical Design -> Sheet Metal Design item from the Start menu. The Sheet Metal toolbar is displayed and ready to use. You may add the Sheet Metal Design workbench to your Favorites, using the Tools -> Customize item. For more information, refer to the Infrastructure User's Guide.Entering the Workbench http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs00. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:20 PM] Defining the Sheet Metal Parameters This task shows you how to configure the sheet metal parameters. 1. Click the Sheet Metal Parameters icon . The Sheet Metal Parameters dialog b ox is displayed. 2. Enter 1mm in the Thickness field. 3. Enter 5mm in the Bend Radius field. 4. Select the Bend Extremities tab. 5. Select Tangent in the Bend Extremities combo list. An alternative is to select the bend type in the graphical combo list. Click OK to validate the parameters and close the dialog box.The Sheet Metal Parameters feature is added in the specification tree. 6. Defining the Parameters http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs02. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:20 PM] The other two tabs are not used in this scenario. Defining the Parameters http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs02. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:20 PM] Creating the First Wall This task shows how to create the first wall of the Sheet Metal Part. 1. Click the Sketcher icon then select the xy plane. 2. Select the Profile icon . 3. Sketch the contour as shown below: Click the Exit workbench icon to return to the 3D world.The sketch remains selected. 4. Click the Wall icon . The Wall Definition dialog box opens. 5. Creating the First Wall http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs03. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:20 PM] By default, the Material Side is set to the top. Click OK. The Wall. 1 feature is added in the specification tree 6. The first wall of the Sheet Metal Part is known as the Reference wall. Creating the First Wall http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs03. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:20 PM] Creating the Side Walls This task shows you how to add other walls to the Sheet Metal part. Click the Wall on Edge icon .The Wall On Edge Definition dialog box opens. 1. 2. Select the left edge. Enter 50mm in the Value field. The application previews the wall. 3. By default, the material side is such that it ensures a continuity with the reference profile. If needed, invert it using the Reverse side button, or clicking the arrow. 4. Click the Reverse Position button to Invert the sketch profile. Click OK. The wal l is created and the Wall On Edge. 1 feature is displayed in the specification tree: 5. Creating the Side Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs04. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:21 PM] 6. Select the right edge.Click the Wall on Edge icon again. The Wall On Edge Definition dialog box opens with the parameters previously selected. 7. 8. Invert the sketch profile and click OK to validate. Click the Wall on Edge icon again. 9. Select the front edge. The Wall Definition dialog box opens with the parameters previously selected. 10. Enter 30mm in the Value field and 10mm in the Limit1 and Limit2 fields, then invert the sketch profile. 11. 12. Press OK to validate. Creating the Side Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs04. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:21 PM] The final part looks like this: Creating the Side Walls ttp://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs04. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:21 PM] Creating a Cutout In this task, yo u will learn how to: open a sketch on an existing face define a contour in order to create a cutout. Select Wall On Edge. 2 from the geometry area to define the working plane. 1. 2. Click the Sketcher icon . 3. Click the Elongated Hole icon to create the contour. To access the oblong profile, click the black triangle on the Rectangle icon. It displays a secondary toolbar. Click to create the first point and drag the cursor. 4. Click to create the second point. The first semi-axis of the rofile is created. 5. Drag the cursor and click to create the third point. The second semi-axis is created and the oblong profile is displayed. 6. 7. Click the Exit workbench icon to return to the 3D world. Creating a Cutout http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs05. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:21 PM] 8. Select the Cutout icon . The Pocket Definition dialog box is displayed and a cutout is previewed with default parameters. 9. Set the Type to Up to last option to define the limit o f your cutout. This means that the application will limit the cutout onto the last possible face, that is the opposite wall. 0. Click OK. This is your cutout: Creating a Cutout http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs05. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:21 PM] Creating the Bends Automatically This task shows how to create the bends automatically. Click the Automatic Bends icon . The bends are created. 1. CATIA displays the bends creation in the specification tree: Automatic Bends. 1 The Sheet Metal part looks like this: Creating Automatic Bends http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs06. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:21 PM] Unfolding the Sheet Metal Part This task shows how to unfold the part. 1.Click the Unfold icon . The part is unfolded according to the reference wall plane, as shown below. Note that the bend limits are displayed in the unfolded view. To refold the part, click the Unfold icon again. Unfolding the Part http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs07. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:21 PM] Extracting Drawings from the Sheet Metal Part This task shows how to create the Sheet Metal Part views in the Generative Drafting workbench. The Sheet Metal part is displayed. 1. Click or select File -; New†¦ 2. Select the Drawing type and click OK. The Generative Drafting workbench is launched.The New Drawing dialog box opens. 3. Click OK. For more information about this workbench, refer to Generative Drafting User's Guide. 4. The drawing sheet appears. 5. Tile the windows horizontally using the Window -> Tile Horizontally menu item. 6. Select the Unfolded View icon in the Projections toolbar from Generative Drafting Workbench. This icon is added to the Projections toolbar provided the Sheet Metal workbench is present. Choose the xy plane in the Sheet Metal specification tree. The unfolded view is displayed with the bends axes and limits. 7. Eventually, the Drafting sheet looks like this:Extracting Drawings http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/ SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs08. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:22 PM] Extracting Drawings http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs08. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:22 PM] Basic Tasks The Basic Tasks section explains how to create and modify various kinds of features. Managing the Default Parameters Creating Walls Extruding Isolating Walls Creating Rolled Walls Creating Bends Creating Swept Walls Unfolding Creating a Cutout Stamping Patterning Corner Relief Creating Corners Creating Chamfers Mapping Elements Saving As DXF Reference Elements Basic Tasks ttp://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0000. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:22 PM] Managing the Default Parameters This section explains and illustrates how to use or modify various kinds of features. The table below lists the information you will find. Using Sheet Metal Design assumes that you are in a CATPart document. Edit the parameters: select the Parameters tab et the wall thickness and bend radius values . Modify the bend extremities : select the Bend Extremities tab and choose a predefined bend type. Define the bend corner relief: select the Bend Corner Relief tab and choose a predefined corner relief type.Define the bend allowance: select the Bend Allowance tab and define the allowance value (K factor). Managing the Default Parameters http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0100. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:22 PM] Editing the Sheet and Tool Parameters This section explains how to change the different sheet metal parameters. Click the Sheet Metal Parameters icon . 1. The Sheet Metal Parameters dialog box is displayed. 2. Change the Thickness if needed. 3. Change the Bend Radius if needed. Convention dictates that the inner angle between the two walls is used to define the bend. It can vary from 0 ° to 180 ° exclusive.This angle is constant and the bend axis is rectilinear. Press the Sheet Standards Files†¦ button to access to the company defined standards, if need be. For more information, refer to the Customizing section. 4. 5. Click OK to validate the Sheet Metal Parameters. When the Check all bend radius button is checked, and you click OK in the Sheet Metal Parameters dialog box, a list is displayed with all the bends the part that do not use the standard Bend Radius value as defined in step 3. Editing the Parameters http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0101. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:22 PM] Modifying the Bend ExtremitiesThis section explains how to change the bend extremities. Click the Sheet Metal Parameters icon . The Sheet Metal Parameters dialog box is displayed. 1. The second tab concerns the bend extremities. A combo box displays the six possible axial relimitations for the straight bend: These options can also be accessed through the pop-up button: Bend Extremities http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0103. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:22 PM] Maximum: the bend is calculated between the furthest o pposite edges of the supporting walls. Bend Extremities http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0103. tm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:22 PM] Minimum with no relief: the bend corresponds to the common area of the supporting walls along the bend axis. Square relief: a square relief is added to the bend extremity. The L1 and L2 parameters can be modified if need be. Round relief: a round relief is added to the bend extremity. The L1 and L2 parameters can be modified if need be. Linear: the unfolded bend is split by two planes going through the corresponding limit points (obtained by projection of the bend axis onto the edges of the supporting walls). >Tangent: the edges of the bend are tangent to the edges of the supporting walls.Bend Corner Relief This section explains how to change the bend corner relief. Open the CornerRelief01. CAPTPart model from the samples directory. Within the Tools -> Options -> General -> Parameters -> Knowledge tab, check the Load Extended Langu age Libraries option. See Customizing Knowledgeware Applications. Click the Sheet Metal Parameters icon . 1. The Sheet Metal Parameters dialog box is displayed. The third tab concerns the bend corner relief. By default, no corner relief is created when a bend is created. Check the Automatic corner relief creation option to activate this creation every time a bend is created.Three corner relief types are available. Select the icon corresponding to the requested type: : square: the square corner relief is created using the bend limits. Its dimensions are defined by the width of the unfolded bends. : circular: its center is located at the intersection of the bend axes. For that option, a radius is proposed by default. It is equal to the bend radius + the thickness. To change it: Selecting Formula -> Deactivate from the contextual menu of the input field and enter a new value, clicking on the button and entering a new formula. Bend Corner Relief http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. oc/src/sheugbt0104. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] : triangular: the triangular relief is created from the intersection point of the inner bend limits towards the intersection points of the outer bend limits with each wall. The corner relief is not previewed during its creation. The corner relief is taken into account in the unfolded view. For better result, you should select the Maximum Bend Extremities option when creating corner relief. These parameters are applied to each corner relief created or to be created, except to those with that have been redefined, or the locally defined corner relieves.Bend Corner Relief http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0104. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] Defining the Bend Allowance This section explains the calculations related to folding/unfolding operations. Click the Parameters icon . 1. The Sheet Metal Parameters dialog box is displayed. The fourth tab concerns the bend allowance. When a bend is unfolded, the sh eet metal deformation is represented by the bend allowance V, defined by the formula: L = A + B + V where: L is the total unfolded length A and B the dimensioning lengths as defined on the figures below: bend < 90 ° bend > 90 °Bend Allowance http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0102. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] Another way to compute the sheet metal deformation is the neutral fiber definition (K Factor): W = a * (R + k * T) where: W is the flat bend width R the inner bend radius T the sheet metal thickness a the inner bend angle in radians. If b is the opening bend angle in degrees: a = p * (180 – b) / 180 Physically, the neutral fiber represents the limit between the material compressed area inside the bend and the extended area outside the bend. Ideally, it is represented by an arc located inside the thickness and entered on the bend axis. Therefore the K Factor always has a value between 0 and 0. 5. When you define the sheet metal parameters , a literal feature defines the default K Factor, according to the DIN standard: K = (0. 65 + log(R / T) / 2) / 2 This formula can be deactivated or modified using Knowledge Advisor workbench. When a bend is created, the bend K Factor and the bend allowance literals are created. Two cases may then occur: If the Sheet Metal K Factor has an activated formula and uses the default bend radius as input parameter, the same formula is activated on the bend K Factor with the bend radius as input.Else the bend K Factor is a formula equal to the Sheet Metal K Factor. The bend allowance literal is equal to a formula representing the use of the bend K Factor. This formula is fairly complex and it is strongly recommended not to delete it. V = a * (R + k * T) – 2 * (R + T) * tan ( min(p/2,a) / 2) Though it is possible to deactivate the formula to enter a fixed value. Finally, the bend flat width is computed from the bend allowance value. The bend allowance can be locally redefined when cre ating bends from walls, generating bends automatically, Bend Allowance http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0102. tm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] Creating Walls This section explains and illustrates different methods to create walls. Create walls from an existing Part: click the icon, and select a face of a wall Create a wall from a sketch: use the sketcher to define the profile, and set the material side. Create a wall tangent to another one: select a profile coincident with an existing wall, and select the wall to which it should be tangent Create a wall from an edge: select a wall edge, set the height, limits, angle, then the sketch and material sides Creating walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. oc/src/sheugbt0800. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] Creating Walls From an Existing Part This task illustrates how to create a Sheet Metal part using an existing Part, that is recognizing the thin part shapes of the Part as created using the Part Design workb ench or from a CATIA Version 4 Solid for example. Open the WallScenario1. CATPart document from the samples directory. The document contains a Part created in the Part Design workbench and it looks like this: 1. Click the Walls Recognition icon 2. Click any face to be the reference wall. The Walls Recognition Definition dialog box is displayed. 3.Choose the Wall creation mode: Part body recognition: the whole solid is processed and walls are created wherever possible Only selected faces: only explicitly selected faces of the solid are processed and the corresponding walls are created. The Reference wall is indicated in the Walls Recognition Definition dialog box for information only (it is grayed out). From an Existing Solid http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0201. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] Select faces as the Compulsory walls. These are faces from which the walls are to be generated when there might be an ambiguity.For example, if the initial part is a box, you will need to select two opposite inner faces and outer faces on the other two sides of the box, in order to avoid overlapping when generating the walls. 4. 5. Set the Internal profiles recognition mode: As cut out wall: generates walls with inner contours (no cutout feature is generated) One cut out by wall: regardless of how many pockets there are on a face of the solid, only one cutout feature is generated per wall One cut out by profile: for each inner contour on the sketch-based solid, a cutout feature is generated None: whether there are pockets on the solid aces, or not, no cutout feature is created in the resulting SheetMetal features. The Generate Bends check button allows the automatic creation of bends as the walls are being created, wherever applicable. 6. Click Apply. The walls are generated from the Part Design geometry. The Walls Recognition. 1 feature is added to the tree view. At the same time, the Sheet Metal parameters are created, deduced from the Part geometry. Select the icon to display the sheet metal parameters: 7. the Thickness is equal to 1mm the Bend radius is twice the thickness value the Bend Extremities field is set to Square relief.From an Existing Solid http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0201. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] You can modify a few of these parameters The Thickness parameter cannot be modified because it is based, like the bend extremities and radius, on the initial solid geometry . However you can modify these parameters (bend radius and bend extremities) to be taken into account for sheet metal features other than the â€Å"recognized† ones. The bend allowance, being used to unfold the part, and the corner relief affect all features, and therefore can be edited even for â€Å"recognized† features. . Click OK in the Sheet Metal Parameters when all parameters have been redefined where needed. The solid is now a Sheet Metal part. All the features are displayed in th e specification tree. Once the solid has been converted to a Sheet Metal part, you can create bends as with any other Sheet Metal part, or modify/add Sheet Metal features to complete the design. Uncheck the Generate Bends button, if you do not wish bends to be created automatically. From an Existing Solid http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0201. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] Creating Walls from a SketchThis task shows how to create a wall from a sketch. You must be in the Sheet Metal Workbench, with a . CATPart document open, and you must have defined the Sheet Metal parameters. Set the sketcher grid to H = 100mm and V = 100mm, using the Tools -> Options, Mechanical Design -> Sketcher, Sketcher tab. 1. Click the Sketcher icon then select the xy plane. 2. Select the Profile icon . 3. Sketch the contour as shown below: 4. Click the Exit workbench icon to return to the 3D world. Click the Wall icon . The Wall Definition dialog box opens. 5. By default, the M aterial Side is set to the top.From a Sketch http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0801. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:24 PM] Click OK. The Wall. 1 feature is added in the specification tree. 6. The first wall of the Sheet Metal Part is known as the Reference wall. Click the sketcher icon from the Wall Definition dialog box, if you wish to directly edit the selected sketch. When exiting the sketcher, you then go back to the wall creation step, without having to reactivate the Wall icon. This is also very useful if you have selected an edge from a wall and clicked the Wall icon . In this case, the sketcher is utomatically activated and the plane defined as being the selected edge's plane. You can then directly draw a sketch, then exit the sketcher and return to the wall creation step. From a Sketch http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0801. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:24 PM] You can directly create a wall with a hole, by selecting a sketch with an inner contour (the contours must not intersect): Sketch with inner contour Resulting wall Note however, that the emptied area is part of the wall and is not a separate cutout that can be edited. From a Sketch ttp://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0801. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:24 PM] Creating Tangent Walls This task shows how to create a wall tangent to a planar part of another wall or of a flange. This capability will then allow this tangent wall to be seen when unfolding the part, even though there is no bend linking it to its tangent support, provided this support is unfoldable too. Open the TangentWall1. CATPart document from the samples directory. Select a face of an existing wall and click the Sketcher icon . Here we selected the flange's planar face. 1. 2.Select the Profile icon and sketch the contour as shown below: Using the Constraint Defined in Dialog box icon, set coincidence constraints between the edges where the support and sketch are to coinc ide. 3. 4. Click the Exit workbench icon to return to the 3D world. Make sure the sketch is still active, then click the Wall icon . 5. The Wall Definition dialog box opens. Tangent Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0803. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:24 PM] Note the orientation of the wall to be created. Click inside the Tangent to field, then select the wall to hich the new wall has to be tangent. 6. Here, you need to select the planar face of the flange. Note that the orientation automatically changes to conform to the material orientation already defined on the support wall. Click OK. The wall is created and a Wall. xxx feature is added in the specification tree. 7. Tangent Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0803. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:24 PM] If you want to create the wall on a wall that cannot be unfolded, the system issues a warning and prevents you from creating the tangent wall. Tangent Walls ttp://arbredsy/FmoCX R8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0803. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:24 PM] Click the Unfold icon . The tangent wall is unfolded as a wall linked by a bend to another wall, would be. 8. Creating Walls From An Edge This task shows how to create walls from edges of an existing wall. This function is used to create a box in an easy and quick way from an existing reference wall. At least one wall must already exist. Open the Wall1. CATPart document from the samples directory. Click the Wall on Edge icon and select an edge of an existing wall. 1. The Wall On EdgeDefinition dialog box is displayed together with a preview of the wall. Define the type of wall to be created by specifying the Reference, that is: 2. the Height of the wall: that is the orthogonal projection from the top of the wall on edge to the reference wall. Select the icon to define the height of the wall from the bottom of the reference wall or the icon to define the height of the wall from the top of the reference wall . the Length of the wall: that is the absolute value of the wall on edge without bend. From an Edge http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0802. tm (1 of 6) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] the limits of the wall: LIM1 and LIM2. These texts only indicate on which side a given limit is. They are not precisely on the limit spots. The actual locations of the limits are defined with the icons and an input distance that is taken into account respectively from the inner side of an existing bend, the inner side of an existing wall or the outer side of an existing wall. the angle of the wall: by default it is perpendicular to the plane containing the edge. You may modify it according to your needs. it is updated dynamically on the screen. This preview gives information about: he Sketch Profile: by default, if you pick an edge on the top of the reference wall, the direction of the wall is upwards, if you pick an edge on the bottom of the reference wall the direction of the wall is do wnwards. Preview with top edge selected Preview with bottom edge selected You can invert the sketch's position, and therefore the wall's, using the Reverse Position button. Preview with bottom edge selected and sketch profile inverted From an Edge http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0802. htm (2 of 6) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] the material side: by default the aterial side is proposed so as to keep a continuity with the reference profile. However, you can change it by clicking the red arrow or the Reverse Side button. Check the Clearance option to offset the wall on edge from the selected edge. 3. The entered value is the radius of the bend on this edge. Wall on edge with clearance Wall on edge without clearance Note that the reference wall remains unchanged when changing the bend radius value. It is the Wall on Edge's length that is affected. You can also choose to create the wall with or without a bend by checking the With Bend option. 4.If there is no wall from which a limit can be computed, the reference element is the edge of the reference wall. From an Edge http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0802. htm (3 of 6) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] A wall on edge is defined by the selected edge (reference edge). When the reference edge is modified, by adding any feature that shortens the edge (a bend to an adjacent wall on edge or a cutout for example) the wall on edge based on this reference edge is recomputed. To avoid this you may: create the bend manually on the wall modifying the edge used as the reference to create the other wall eorder the creation of walls to postpone the creation of the modifying feature Both limits are computed with the same reference icon. The bend is not previewed, even if the option With Bend is checked. However it will be created. The selected options are modal and will be proposed to create the next wall. Walls on edge being contextual features, if you break the profiles continuity by inverting the material side of a wall, you may have to manually re-specify all features based upon the modified one, even if they are not directly connected to the modified wall, in order to update the part afterwards.This is the case when creating a wall on edge from another wall on edge, for example: From an Edge http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0802. htm (4 of 6) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] If you invert the material side of the reference wall on which the first wall on edge has been created, both walls on edge are relocated (as if you were flipping the geometry): If you invert the material side of the first wall on edge (and not the material side of the reference wall), the second wall on edge is relocated. Indeed, its specification being relative to the first wall on edge, when its input data (i. e. he edge selected on the first wall on edge) is modified, the second wall on edge is rebuilt at a new location. 5. Click OK in the Wall On Edge Definition dialog box. A WallOnEd ge. x element is created in the specification tree. A WallOnEdge. x element can be edited: double-click it in the graphic area or in the specification tree to display its creation dialog box and modify the parameters described above, including the edge from which it is created. However, the sketch of a wall on edge cannot be edited directly. Would you need to edit the sketch of a wall on edge, you have to isolate it first. See Isolating Walls.You can cut or copy and paste a wall on edge. If you cut and paste a wall on edge with children elements, these children elements are lost. This may result in update errors. You cannot undo an Isolate action after having modified the wall. Isolating a wall on edge erases all updating data. From an Edge http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0802. htm (5 of 6) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] Extruding This task explains how to create a wall by extrusion. You must have defined the Sheet Metal parameters. A model is available in the Extru de1. CATPart from the samples directory. 1. Click the Extrusion icon . 2.Select a sketch. The Extrusion Definition dialog box is displayed. Several types of extrusion are available: Dimension : the requested input data are a sketch and a dimension, Up to plane or Up to surface: a plane or a surface are input as limit to the extrusion. These functions are used to create walls that are not rectangular. 3. Edit the Length1 and Length2 to set both extremities, for option Dimension. Extruding http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1100. htm (1 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] 4. Define the options as needed: Check the option Mirrored extent to extent the material on both sides of the sketch.In that case, only Length1 can be edited. This option is only available if the type is set to Dimension. Extruding http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1100. htm (2 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] Push Invert Material Side to invert the direction of the creation of the m aterial. 5. Click OK. The walls corresponding to the selected sketch are created according to the specified options, and added to the specification tree. When the extrusion is the first Sheet Metal feature of the Part, the reference wall is the first wall created based on the first segment of the sketch.For option Up to Surface, while the wall end that is limited by the surface has the shape of the surface, its thickness does not fit the surface. It is a â€Å"rectangular† polygon defined by the first edge that comes into contact with the surface. Extruding http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1100. htm (3 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] Check Symmetrical thickness to create thickness inside and outside the sketch. Such an extrusion can also be performed on a sketch made of lines and arcs of circle, provided there are no tangency discontinuities between the different elements. However, in this ase, the Up to plane or Up to surface capabilities are not availab le, and you cannot isolate such an extrusion. Extrusion walls can be edited and/or isolated. The sketch may not be closed. Extruding http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1100. htm (4 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] Isolating Walls This task explains how to isolate a wall. This is possible in two cases: 1. after having created walls by extrusion (see Extruding) 2. after having created a wall on edge (see Creating Walls from an Edge). You must have defined the Sheet Metal parameters. A model is available in the Extrude2. CATPart from the samples directory.Isolating Extruded Walls Right-click the Extrusion. 1 feature and choose the Extrusion. 1 object -; Isolate contextual menu item. 1. The Extrusion Isolate dialog box is displayed. Select one of the wall of the extrusion to be isolated. 2. The selected wall is highlighted in the geometry. This wall is the reference wall, meaning that it can be modified and the other walls will take the modification into account. On th e other hand if the other walls are modified the reference wall is an anchoring wall, and modifications will be made around it. The Extrusion Isolate dialog box is updated. 3. Click OK in the dialog box.The walls of the extrusion have been isolated, each with its own sketch. Yet coincidence constraints are automatically generated between the isolated walls. Isolating Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1701. htm (1 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] The extrusion's initial sketch is retained (Sketch. 1 in the example above). Double-click the sketch of the reference wall (here Sketch. 3) and modify it by increasing its length. 4. Exit the Sketcher using the Exit icon . 5. The Part is updated. You can note that the wall that was adjacent to the pad, now lies on it, as it is the reference wall that was modified.Isolating Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1701. htm (2 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] However, had you modified the sketch of t he wall lying on the pad (Sketch. 4), moving it further away from Wall. 2 as shown here to the right, the updated pad would not take the gap between the walls into account. The resulting part looks like this (Wall. 3 has been modified but still coincides with Wall. 2): Isolating Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1701. htm (3 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] You can then edit its sketch if needed. In the present case, the wall on edge had been created with a end. Therefore when isolating this wall from the reference wall, the bend is created as a separate feature that can be edited as well. The angle value between the two walls is displayed for edition. You cannot undo an Isolate action after having modified the wall. Isolating a wall on edge erases all updating data. Isolating Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1701. htm (4 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] Isolating Walls on Edge Right-click the wall on edge and choose the Wall On Edg e contextual menu item. 1. The wall on edge is then changed to a standard wall, as you can see from the specification tree.Creating Rolled Walls This task shows how to create rolled walls (such as pipes, open pipes with flange, etc. ). You must have defined the Sheet Metal parameters, and have a sketch available, in the form of an circular arc. The part is available in the Rolledwall1. CATPart from the samples directory. 1. Click the Extrusion icon . 2. Select the circular sketch. 3. Make sure the type is set to Dimension. Length 1 and Length 2 indicate the location of Limit 1 and Limit 2. 4. 5. Define the options as needed (the length being down to -50 mm): Creating Rolled Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. oc/src/sheugbt1000. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:26 PM] Check the option Mirrored extent to extend the material on both sides of the sketch. In that case, only Length1 can be edited. Check Symmetrical thickness to create thickness inside and outside the sketch. Push Invert Material Side to invert the direction of the creation of the material. Click OK in the dialog box to create the rolled wall: 6. Creating Rolled Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1000. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:26 PM] The rolled wall is a particular extrusion: he input sketch is either a circular arc or a closed circle, the creation type is always Dimension. The sketch may be open. In that case, you can define where the opening should be. The sketch may be closed. In that case, you have no control on the opening location. The only operations you can combine with a rolled wall in a Sheet Metal model are flanges and cutouts. No other elements (standard wall, bend,†¦ ) are allowed. Creating Rolled Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1000. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:26 PM] Creating Bends on WallsThis section explains and illustrates different methods to create bends on walls. Bends can only be created between walls , whether manually or automatically, and not between any other Sheet Metal features, such as stamps for example. Create bends from wall: select the two walls, set the bend radius value, the bend extremities, and specify the use of corner relief Generate bends automatically: select the part, then a reference wall Create conical bends: select the part, and choose a reference wall Create flat bends: select a sketch, set the creation mode and limiting option, set the radius and angle in relation to the selected sketch.Creating Bends http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0210. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:26 PM] Manually Creating Bends from Walls This task explains two ways to create bends between walls in the Sheet Metal part. These bends can be created on non-connex walls, and with a constant radius value. Open the BendExtremities01. CATPart document from the samples directory. 1. Select the Bend icon . The Bend Definition dialog box opens. Note that the Radius field is in gr ay because it is driven by a formula: at that time, you cannot modify the value. Select Wall. 2 and Wall. 5 in the specification tree.The Bend Definition dialog box is updated. 2. Right-click the Radius field: the contextual menu appears. 3. Deactivate the formula: you can now change the value. 4. Enter 4mm for the Radius and click Preview. 5. The bend is previewed, along with its orientation symbolized by arrows. The Left and Right texts further indicate this orientation and are useful to define different bend extremities. Manually Creating Bends from Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0202. htm (1 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] 6. Click the More button to display further options: You can define: he left and right extremity settings (see also extremities definition settings) the corner relief definition settings and the bend allowance settings. Within the Left Extremity tab, choose the Mini with round relief bend extremity type, deactivate the L1 and L2 le ngth formulas, and set them to 6mm and 3mm respectively. 7. Click the Right Extremity tab, and choose the Curved shape type. 8. Click Preview to visualize the left and right extremities. 9. Click OK in the Bend Definition dialog box. 10. The Bend is created with the specified extremity types. Manually Creating Bends from Walls ttp://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0202. htm (2 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] The extremities and the corner relief defined with the current dialog box will apply locally and prevail over any other global definition. Be careful when creating bends with square or round relief. Depending on the geometry configuration, this can lead to removing more matter than you would expect. Indeed, a corner relief being computed on the whole intersection of the elements involved (bends or bend/wall), in the following configuration the matter is removed till the end of the wall.Bend with no relief Bend with square relief In this case, it is best to replace the bend corner relieves with cutouts (identified in red in the figure below) that will act as corner relieves removing matter to the part. Manually Creating Bends from Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0202. htm (3 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] Generating Bends Automatically This task explains how to automatically generate bends between walls in the Sheet Metal part. You can first create all the bends, then modify the parameters for any of the generated bends.However, when an ambiguity arises, that is when more than two bends end on the same vertex, the bends are not automatically generated. You then need to create them manually, so as to explicitly select the walls between which the bends are to be created. Open the BendExtremities01. CATPart document from the samples directory. 1. Select the Automatic Bends icon . The bends are created. Generating Bends Automatically http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0206. htm (1 of 4) [12/7/200 1 5:13:27 PM] Double-click the bend of interest: Bend. 4 The Bend Definition dialog box opens. 2. Right-click the Radius field: the contextual enu appears. 3. Deactivate the formula: you can now change the value. 4. Enter 4mm for the Radius and click Preview. 5. Bend. 4 is modified. 6. Click the More button to display further options: You can re-define: the left and right extremity settings (see also extremities definition settings) the corner relief definition settings and the bend allowance settings. Generating Bends Automatically http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0206. htm (2 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] Within the Left Extremity tab, choose the Mini with round relief bend extremity type, deactivate the L1 and L2 length formulas, and set them o 6mm and 3mm respectively. 7. Click the Right Extremity tab, and choose the Curved shape type. 8. 9. Click OK in the Bend Definition dialog box. The bend is modified with the specified options The extremities and the corner relief defined with the current dialog box will apply locally and prevail over any other global definition. Push the more button to display; the extremities definition settings and the corner relief definition settings and the bend allowance settings. Generating Bends Automatically http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0206. htm (3 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] Creating Conical BendsThis task explains how to generate conical bends between two walls in the Sheet Metal part. These bends are different from the standard bend in that they allow different radius values at each end of the bend. Open the ConicalBend1. CATPart document from the samples directory. Select the Conic Bend icon . The Conic Bend Definition dialog box opens. 1. Select Wall. 1 and Wall. 2 in the specification tree or in the geometry. The Bend Definition dialog box is updated, and arrows are displayed indicating the walls orientation. 2. You can click on the arrow to invert them if needed. Th e LIM1 and LIM2 texts indicate the endpoints for the bend.Enter the radius values for each end of the conical bend. If the difference between the specified radius values does not allow the generation of a cone with an angle greater than 1 degree, a warning is issued prompting you to increase one of the radii. Click OK in the Warning dialog box, and increase/decrease the radius values. 3. Conical Bends http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0204. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] By default, Radius 2 is twice Radius 1. 4. Click More†¦ to display further options. 5. Choose the bend extremities: Mini with no relief: the shortest possible bend is created, and presents no reliefCurve shaped: the bend is created keeping the tangency continuity with the support walls. Maximum: the bend is calculated between the furthest opposite edges of the supporting walls. 6. Click OK. The Bend is created. The two walls must be connected by the edge of their internal faces. The Angle field is locked. It indicates the angle value between the two walls between which the bend is computed. Conical Bends http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0204. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] Should you choose the Curve shaped extremity option, the bend would look like this:Conical Bends http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0204. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] Creating Bends From a Line This task explains how to generate bends based on a line (also called flat bends) in the Sheet Metal part. A wall and a bend are created. Open the FlatBend1. CATPart document from the samples directory. Select the reference wall then the Bend From Flat icon . 1. The Bend From Flat Definition dialog box opens. Select a sketch (Sketch. 3 here). This sketch must necessarily be a line. 2. 3. You can choose the line extrapolation option: he line is extrapolated up to the wall edge (Bend From Flat Until) the line is not extrapolated, and the bend is l imited to the line's length (Bend From Flat Length) Set the bend radius value. You may need to deactivate the formula using the Formula -; Deactivate contextual menu on the Radius field. 4. 5. Set the angle value between the generated wall and the reference wall. 6. Click OK to create the bend. Bends From Line http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0205. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:28 PM] When creating such a bend on a reference wall (first wall), an arrow indicates which part is to be folded.Click this arrow to invert the side that will be bent. Such bends cannot be created, if the section to be folded already intersects the part. Bends from line should be performed on end walls, or prior to creating further walls on the bent one. Perform the bend before creating the stamping features, as stamps are not retained when the part is folded with the bend. Bends From Line http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0205. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:28 PM] Creating Swept Walls This section explains and illustrates how to create and use various kinds of swept walls, i. e. alls based on a given contour that is swept along a spine. Create a flange: select a spine, and set the radius, length, and angle values. Create a hem: select a spine, and set the radius, and length values. Create a tear drop: select a spine, and set the radius, and length values. Create a swept flange: select a spine, and a user-defined profile Redefine swept walls limits: choose the Relimited type, and select a point lying on the spine or a plane normal to the spine and intersecting it as limits Display swept walls axes in drafting sheets: open a CATDrawing document, click the Unfolded View icon, and select a planeSelecting the Spine Whatever the type of the swept wall you wish to create, you first need to select one or more contiguous edges to make up the spine along which the contour, either pre- or user-defined, is to be swept. You can: manually select one, or m ore, edge(s) Selection without propagation Resulting flange without propagation select one edge and click the Tangency Propagation button: all contiguous and tangent edges are selected. In this case, would you need to remove one edge, you need to manually select it. Remember that only extremity edges can be removed without breaking the continuity between edges.Creating Swept Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0600. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:28 PM] Selection with propagation Resulting flange with propagation Creating Swept Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0600. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:28 PM] Creating a Flange This task explains how to generate a flange from a spine and a profile. Open the SweptWall01. CATPart document from the samples directory. 1. Select the Flange icon . The Flange Definition dialog box opens. 2. Select the edge as shown in red. Creating a Flange http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. oc/src/sheug bt0601. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:28 PM] Enter 2mm in the Radius field, 10mm in the Length field and 120 ° for the Angle. 3. Click the More button to display the Bend Allowance tab allowing you to locally redefine the bend allowance settings. You may need to deactivate the formula using the contextual menu on the field and choosing Formula -; Deactivate before editing the value. 4. In this case, the new K Factor value overrides the value set in the Sheet Metal Parameters. 5. Click OK to create the flange. Creating a Flange http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0601. tm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:28 PM] The feature is added to the specification tree. Use the Tangency Propagation button to select all tangentially contiguous edges forming the spine (see Selecting the Spine). You can redefine the flange limits by choosing the Relimited option (see Redefining Swept Walls Limits). Creating a Flange http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0601. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:28 PM] Creating a Hem This task explains how to generate a hem from a spine and a profile. The SweptWall01. CATPart document is still open from the previous task. If not, open the SweptWall02.CATPart document from the samples directory. Select the Hem icon in the Swept Walls sub-toolbar. 1. The Hem Definition dialog box opens. 2. Select the edges as shown in red. Creating a Hem http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0602. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] Enter 2mm in the Radius field, and 3mm in the Length field. 3. Click the More button to display the Bend Allowance tab allowing you to locally redefine the bend allowance settings. You may need to deactivate the formula using the contextual menu on the field and choosing Formula -; Deactivate before editing the value. 4.In this case, the new K Factor value overrides the value set in the Sheet Metal Parameters. 5. Click OK to create the hem. Creating a Hem http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish /sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0602. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] The feature is added to the specification tree. Use the Tangency Propagation button to select all tangentially contiguous edges forming the spine (see Selecting the Spine). You can redefine the hem limits by choosing the Relimited option (see Redefining Swept Walls Limits). Creating a Hem http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0602. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] Creating a Tear DropThis task explains how to generate a tear drop from a spine and a profile. The SweptWall01. CATPart document is still open from the previous task. If not, open the SweptWall03. CATPart document from the samples directory. Select the Tear Drop icon in the Swept Walls sub-toolbar. 1. The Tear Drop Definition dialog box opens. 2. Select the edge as shown in red. Creating a Tear Drop http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0603. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] Enter 3mm in the Radius field, and 8mm in the Length field. 3. Click the More button to display the Bend Allowance tab allowing you to ocally redefine the bend allowance settings. You may need to deactivate the formula using the contextual menu on the field and choosing Formula -; Deactivate before editing the value. 4. In this case, the new K Factor value overrides the value set in the Sheet Metal Parameters. 5. Click OK to create the tear drop. Creating a Tear Drop http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0603. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] The feature is added to the specification tree. Use the Tangency Propagation button to select all tangentially contiguous edges forming the spine (see Selecting the Spine).You can redefine the tear drop limits by choosing the Relimited option (see Redefining Swept Walls Limits). Creating a Tear Drop http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0603. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] Creating a Swept Flange This task explains how to generate a swept flange from a spine and a user-defined profile. The SweptWall01. CATPart document is still open from the previous task. If not, open the SweptWall04. CATPart document from the samples directory. 1. Using the Sketcher , define a profile in the yz plane as shown below: Then quit the Sketcher, using the Exit iconSelect the Swept Flange icon in the Swept Walls sub-toolbar. 2. The User Defined Flange Definition dialog box opens. 3. Select the edge and the profile, as shown in red. Creating a Swept Flange http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0604. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] The dialog box looks like this: Click the More button to display the Bend Allowance tab allowing you to locally redefine the bend allowance settings. You may need to deactivate the formula using the contextual menu on the field and choosing Formula -; Deactivate before editing the value. 4.In this case, the new K Factor value overrides the value set in the Sheet Metal Parameters. 5. Click O K to create the swept flange. Creating a Swept Flange http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0604. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] The feature is added in the specification tree. Use the Tangency Propagation button to select all tangentially contiguous edges forming the spine (see Selecting the Spine). You can redefine the tear drop limits by choosing the Relimited option (see Redefining Swept Walls Limits). Creating a Swept Flange http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0604. tm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] Redefining Swept Wall Limits This task explains how to redefine the spine's limits when creating any type of swept walls, using existing geometric elements: points lying on the spine or intersecting planes.. Open the SweptWall01. CATPart document. 1. Select the Flange icon . The Flange Definition dialog box opens. Using the combo list, choose the Relimited type. 2. The Flange Definition dialog box is updated and now displays two Limit fi elds. Select the spine. Here we select a single edge. See also Selecting the Spine. 3. Redefining Swept Walls Limits http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. oc/src/sheugbt0606. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:30 PM] Successively select the two limiting elements. Here we select a point lying on the spine as the first selecting element, and a plane intersecting the spine as the second limiting element. 4. Make sure intersecting elements are normal to the spine, and they intersect it only once. Specify the swept wall values. In the example of the flange you set the Radius, Length and Angle values. You may also click More >> to display further options. See Creating a Flange. 5. 6. Click OK. The swept wall is created within the limits on the spine. Redefining Swept Walls Limits ttp://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0606. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:30 PM] Displaying Swept Wall Axes This task explains how to generate an unfolded view of a part with swept wall in a drawin g sheet including the axes of planar hems, tear drops, and flanges are displayed within the drawing. The SweptWall01. CATPart document is still open from the previous task. If not, open the SweptWall05. CATPart document from the samples directory. Make sure that the Generate axis button is checked in the Tools -> Options -> Mechanical Design -> Drafting -> Generation tab, prior to generating a view in a .CATDrawing document. 1. Click or select File -> New†¦ 2. Select the Drawing type and click OK. 3. Click OK. For more information about this workbench, refer to Generative Drafting User's Guide. Displaying Swept Walls Axes http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0605. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:30 PM] 4. The drawing sheet appears. Tile the windows horizontally using the Window -; Tile Horizontally menu item. 5. Select the Unfolded View icon in the Projections toolbar from Generative Drafting Workbench. 6. This icon is added to the Projections toolbar provided the Sheet Metal workbench is present.Choose the xy plane in the Sheet Metal specification tree. The unfolded view is displayed with the planar swept wall axes. 7. Displaying Swept Walls Axes http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0605. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:30 PM] Unfolding Unfolded Sheet Metal parts can be displayed in two ways: Folded/Unfolded View Access Concurrent Access Each Sheet Metal feature is created in a given view: folded, or unfolded. Editing a feature must be done in its definition view. If not, a message is automatically issued, prompting you to change views, before editing the feature. Unfolding http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. oc/src/sheugbt1200. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:30 PM] Folded/Unfolded View Access This task shows how to unfold the part. 1. Click the Unfold icon . The part is unfolded according to the reference wall plane, as shown below. 2. Click this icon again to refold the part for the next task. Bend limits and stamping are n ow displayed in the unfolded view. When designing in context, If a CATProduct document contains several SheetMetal parts, only one part can be visualized in the unfolded view at a time. Folded/Unfolded View Access http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1201. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:30 PM] Concurrent AccessThis task explains how to display the Sheet Metal part in two windows: one with the folded view, one with the unfolded view. Any modification in one window is displayed in the other window. 1. Click the Multi-view icon . The part is unfolded in a second window. 2. Choose the Window -; Tile Horizontally menu item. Both windows are tiled. Activate the window in which you want to work. Concurrent Access http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1202. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:30 PM] Any modification in one view is taken into account in the other view enabling the user to make modifications in the best possible context.In the multi-view mode as in the st andard unfolded view, all constraints are displayed in the geometrical views. Once in the Multi-view mode, the standard icon Unfold is not longer available. The Multi-view function is not available from a standard unfolded view. Only parts with bends can be unfolded. Cutting faces and open faces are not displayed in Multi-view mode. Concurrent Access